INTRODUCTION

            

ICT (Information and Communication Technology) is a broad term that refers to all technologies and services related to computing, data processing, telecommunications, and the internet. All of these systems are concerned with the transmission and reception of data in some way. It allows people to communicate in different way, making it  easier, and faster for people to connect, engage, seek support, learn, and obtain access to information through the use of computers, electronic devices, and software programs to encode, store, encrypt, process, distribute, and retrieve data from anywhere, at any time.

ICT (Information and Communication Technology) is an effective instrument that can be used to boost the country's economic growth. As it can be used as a learning and education medium, as well as a mass communication form of media for advocating and campaigning on practical and significant topics such as healthcare and personal issues, it can increase the quality of human life. It gives you a broader understanding and can assist you in obtaining and accessing information. Though we are still struggling to make successful use of ICT in an area where other countries have already gotten ahead of us.

SIGNIFICANCE OF ICT IN THE SOCIETY

 

         Our world continuously evolve and becomes more and more modern everyday. With its new technologies and advances, ICT play a significant role in our everyday lives. It has huge impact to the society and its future. Information and Communications Technology (ICT) has the power to transform society and and it is an important enabler of change. It changed the way we communicate with each other, how we find information and how we manage our social lives. ICT affects almost every aspect of 21st century life, from transport efficiency and safety, to access to food and healthcare, socialization and productivity. The power of the internet has enabled global communities to form ideas and share resources more easily.

         People have incorporated ICT into their everyday lives, such as using cell phones to make calls, withdrawing cash out of the ATM, or using the computer to browse the internet. It affect all aspects of life by providing newer, better, and quicker ways for people to interact, network, seek help, gain access to information, and learn.  Our society has become more accustomed to having the benefits of ICT, which has changed the way people live and interact with one another.

HISTORY OF ICT

PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD

At first humans developed information technology at this time serves as a system for the introduction of the forms that they know. They describe the information they get on the walls of the cave, about hunting and prey animals. At this time they began to identify objects that exist in the environment they live and represent it with the forms which they then painted on cave walls tempa.t they live, because of their ability to speak only about the form of voice grunts and hand gestures as a form of their initial communication at this time. Further development is created and use the tools that generate sounds and cues, such as drums, trumpets made of animal horn, or smoke signals as a means of giving warning of danger.

HISTORICAL PERIOD

2900 BC

The use of letters hierogliph on the ancient Egyptians. Hierogliph a language of symbols where each phrase is represented by different symbols. When combined into one will have a way of pronunciation and different meanings. Heirogliph form of writing and language is more advanced than Sumerian writing.

500 BC

Papyrus fibers are used as paper. Paper made from papyrus tree fiber that grows around the Nile is a medium for writing or media information that is more powerful and flexible than the clay tablets that were previously used as a medium of information.

105 M

The Chinese discovered kertas.Kertas discovered by the Chinese at this time is the paper that you know today. Paper is made from bamboo fibers are crushed, filtered, washed, then flattened and dried. The invention also allows the printing system is performed using a carving on a block of wood and covered by the ink or what we know today with a cap.

MODERN PERIOD

1455

The printing press that uses the letters are made of iron plate that can be changed in a frame made of wood was developed for the first time by Johann Guntenberg.

1830

Augusta Lady Byron wrote the first computer program in the world to work with Charles Babbage’s Analytical engine it uses. The tool is designed to be able to enter data, process data, and generate output in the form of a card. This machine is known as a form of the first digital computer, although the way it works is more mechanical than is digital, 94 years before the first digital computer ENIAC 1 is formed.

1837

Samuel Morse developed the telegraph and Morse code language with Sir Wiliam Cook and Sir Charles Wheatstone who sent electronically between two distant parties through the cable connecting the two places. Sending and receiving of this information can be sent and received at almost the same time this invention allows the information can be accepted and used widely by the people unhampered by distance and time.

1861

Moving images are projected onto a screen was first used as the precursor film is now in ancient times as the projector is growing step on the screen.

 1876 

was marked by figures who developed the Melvyl Dewey decimal system of writing.

1877

1) Alexander Graham Bell invented and developed the first time used the phone in general.

2) high-speed photography was invented by Edward Maybridge.

1899

Used in tape storage system (tape) the first magnetic storage but at this time is still analog not digital like the present. 

1923

 was marked by Zvorkyn creating the first television tubes.

1940

Commencement of the development of science in the field of information during World War 2, which is used for the benefit of sending and receiving of military documents that are stored in the form of magnetic tape.

1945 

Vannevar Bush developed a coding system using hypertext.Pada this period the use of hypertext has been developed along with the development of website design is currently evolving.

1946 

period of this technology in the world’s first digital computer ENIAC was developed although I have not so many users, but computer technology has been used certain agencies.

1948

Researchers at Bell Telephone developed the transistor.

1957

1) Jean Hoerni developed the planar transistor. This technology allows the development of millions and even billions of transistors incorporated into a small piece of silicon crystal.

2) USSR (Russia at the time) as the launching of Sputnik the first artificial earth satellite who served as a spy. In return the U.S. to form the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) under the authority of the Department of Defense to develop science and information technology in the military field.

1972

At this time Ray Tomlinson created the first e-mail program that is used to communicate over long distances using teks.E-mail can be said as electronic mail.

1973-1990

The term Internet was introduced in a paper on TCP / IP and then made the development of a network protocol known as TCP / IP was developed by a group of DARPA.Pada the 1981 National Science Foundation to develop a backbone called CSNET 56 Kbps capacity for each institution in pemerintahan.Kemudian in 1986, the IETF developed a server that serves as a coordination tool including: DARPA, ARPANET, DDN, and Internet Gateway.

1991 

Now the business systems in the IT field first occurs when the CERN in overcoming operational costs a fee from its members.

1992 

The establishment of the Internet community, and then introduced the term World Wide Web (WWW) by CERN.

1993

NSF established the InterNIC to provide Internet related services and data storage directories and databases (by AT & T), registration services (by Network Solutions Inc. ), and information services (by General Atomics / CERFNET).

1994 

The growth of the Internet drove very fast and began reaching into all aspects of human life and a part that can not be separated from manusia.

1995

Public enterprises began to be allowed into the provider by purchasing network in this Backbone.Langkah began development of information technology especially the internet and research to develop systems and more sophisticated tools.

Negative Impacts of ICT to the Society

NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF ICT

Loss of Jobs

One of the largest negative effects of ICT can be the loss of  a person's job. this has both economic consequences, loss of income, and sociel consequences, loss of status and self-esteem. Job losses may occur for some reasons, including: Manual operations being replaced by automation. e.g. robots replacing people on an asesmbly line.

Reduced Personal Interaction

Being able to work form home is usually regarded as being a positive effect of using ICT, but tgere can be negative aspects as well. Most people need some form of social interctaion if they do not get the chance to meet and talk with other people they may feel isolated and unhappy.

Health Problems

A computer may harm the users if tey use it for a long hours. Computer users are also exposed to bad posture, eyestrain, physical and mental health.

Reduced Physical Activity

Users may adopt a more sedentary lifestyle. This can lead to health problems such as obesity, heart disease and diabetes.

POSITIVE IMPACTS OF ICT TO THE SOCIETY

 ICT stands for Information and Communication Technology. It is a set of tols and resources which creates, distribute, store, manage information and communication. Everything in life can be compare to a two side of a coin, where there is always a positive and negative side.

POSITIVE IMPACTS OF ICT

ICT CAN HAVE POSITIVE IMPACTS ON HEALTH

Computerized and develop machines help to diagnose illness

The way they keep and track medical records became more efficient

Medical professionals can easily communicate form different locations and provide a joined and improved health care services.

Improve quality of care

ICT CAN HAVE POSITIVE IMPACTS ON EDUCATION

Teaching methods become more effective (studies show that the use of audio-visual is more appealing to students)

Distance learning, where students can access teaching materials from all over the world

The possibility for students to have individual learning programs within the topic

ICT CAN HAVE POSITIVE IMPACTS ON BUSINESS

Easier and faster transactions 

Data processing is less prone to errors

Information can be easily stored and retrieved in a long period of time

More efficient, effective and quickly responds to customers' needs

ICT CAN HAVE A POSITIVE IMPACTS ON COMMUNICATION

Allows people with different language to understand each other

Communicating easily with people all around the world

Provides quick access to affordable and better means of communication

EXAMPLES OF ICT AND IT'S FUNCTIONS

 

Software Applications

·       Application software is created to assist a user with a specific task. It may have something to do with productivity, creativity, or communication.

·       Application software programs are created to facilitate a variety of functions, including but not limited to:

§  Managing information

§  Manipulating data

§  Constructing visuals

§  Coordinating resources

§  Calculating figures

Operating System

·    An operating system, or "OS," is technology that allows other programs to connect with the hardware and run.

·       An operating system has three main functions:

§  Manage the computer’s resources, such as the central processing unit, memory, disk drives, and printers,

§  Establish a user interface

§  Execute and provide services for applications software.

 Web-Based Applications

·       Web-based applications are a form of software that enables users to communicate with a remote server through a web browser.

·       It can do some specific functionality over the internet by utilizing web browsers and web technologies. Such as:

§  Handle the storage

§  Retrieve the information

·       You can do some following things

§  You can display the reports in graphical format.

§  To get information on the product online.

§  Workers can get information related to tasks through mobile devices.

§  This application allows remote workers to complete the job within the specified time.

§  Customers can easily track the orders and budgets of Goods.

 

Telephones and other Telecommunications Products

·       A telephone is a type of telecommunications device that allows two or more people to communicate when they are too far from each other to hear one another clearly.

·       In addition to making and receiving calls, other important phone functions include:

§  Voicemail

§  Call redirection

§  Conference calling

§  Call logging

§  Call barring

§  Sending faxes

 

Multimedia System

·       A multimedia system is a device that can handle multimedia files and applications. Multimedia information is processed, stored, produced, manipulated, and re-created.

·       Such equipment often includes one or more of the following functions;

§  Display and Display output, print, scan

§  Audio processing, musical tone generation

§  Reception of broadcast signals

§  Signal processing, data storage, networking

§  Telephony

Computer Hardware

·       Computer hardware refers to any of the physical components of a computer, whether it’s analog or digital. The word “hardware” refers to the physical components of a computer as opposed to “software,” which is made up of written instructions that tell physical components what to do.

·       Major functions such as:

§  Input,

§  Processing (internal storage, computation and control)

§  Output

§  Secondary storage (for data and programs)

§  Communication.

EXAMPLES OF ICT TOOLS

LAPTOPS

Laptops, also known as notebooks and portable PCs, are electronic devices that include a monitor, keyboard, processor, memory, hard drive, and cursor-positioning system, such as a touchpad or trackpad, all in one unit and are powered by a battery.

TABLETS

Tablets are ultraportable laptops that are smaller than regular laptops. Tablets are usually less expensive than brand new laptops, but their processors and other components are less efficient. Instead of physical keyboards, tablets have virtual keyboards or use a digital pen.

SMARTPHONES

The storage on these hand devices is provided by flash memory rather than a hard drive. It has touch-screen technology and virtual keyboards. Smartphones are small and compact, with varying battery life; you can access data and information as long as you have an internet connection. It can also take photos, navigate the roads, set alarms, making calls and sending and receiving short messages.

ATM

ATMs are automated teller machines that allow customers to withdraw and deposit money, pay bills, and apply for loans without having to visit a bank branch. ATMs are referred to as dedicated machines because they are only equipped to perform banking functions.

SERVERS

Servers are used to manage networks, provide access to specific files, host websites, and process large quantitiess of data. Not at all portable, since they are connected to each other in a network. Removing one means that it is no longer functions as a server.

EMBEDDED COMPUTERS

Embedded computers are devices that are designed to serve a specific function, such as waking you up in the morning, controlling the temperature of your air conditioning or refrigerator, or managing the navigation system.

Do's and Don'ts of ICT

DO'S

1.) Follow the SecureIT advice about IT security.

2.) Log out of computer systems when you have finished using them.

3.) Only use University IT systems for purposes relating to your study, research or work at the University.

4.) Remember that all use of IT facilities is logged and monitored.

5.) Remember that every website you visit or page that you print costs the University money.

6.) Think carefully about your online conduct to protect personal information. 

7.) Keep your operating systems and software up to date.

DONT'S

1.) Don't access pornographic or obscene material or material that could offend others.

2.) Don't let anyone else use any of your accounts or tell anyone your password.

3.) Don't download videos, music or anything else that's copyrighted by other people.

4.) Don't use IT facilities to bully or harass other people.

5.) Don't install unlicensed  or malicious software.

6.) Don't use IT facilities to advertise goods or services.

7.) Don't uninstall security software from your University-owned devices

CURRENT ISSUES OF ICT

With ICT in our daily lives, we will improve our society and make our country change for the better. However, there are several ICT problems that need urgent attention.

INTERNET ADDICTION

Since the Internet is such a valuable and almost unavoidable tool, many people become Internet addicted. When Internet use is prevented or decreased, Internet addicts develop compulsive, harmful behaviors that interfere with daily life, as well as psychological dependency and withdrawal symptoms

DATA SECURITY

Data-related problems dominate almost all new technologies. With massive quantities of company and personal data being exchanged and processed electronically, the risk of data theft has increased, and companies must be prepared to respond quickly in order to comply with a multiplicity of state and federal data breach regulations.

SOCIAL ISOLATION

People may communicate via email, online chat rooms, and social networking sites, but psychologists are concerned that the lack of actual social interaction can have a negative impact on people’s emotional and social well-being.

COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENTS

A copyright infringement on the part of a person or an organization. It refers to the use of copyrighted material without permission.

FALSE INFORMATION

Any material that is designed and presented in a manner that is intended to confuse, deceive, advance a purpose, or entertain, with little to no consideration about whether or not the information is real or accurate, is considered false information.

CYBERCRIME

Criminal activity involving a computer, a computer network, or a networked system. The majority, but not all, cybercrime is perpetrated by cybercriminals or hackers seeking financial gain. Individuals or groups carry it out. Some use cutting-edge methods and have a high level of technological expertise.

CYBERBULLYING

Bullying that occurs by the use of digital devices such as smartphones, laptops, and tablets. it involves sending, uploading, or sharing untruthful, offensive, incorrect, or insensitive information about an individual. it may involve embarrassment or humiliation caused by revealing personal or private information about a person. cyberbullying can often cross the line into illegal or criminal activity.

CHILD SAFETY

Children may be computer literate, but they are also vulnerable to a variety of dangers, including explicit pornographic photos, sex offenders who target children in chat rooms and by email, also through online bullying, especially on social networking sites.

DIGITAL DIVIDE

Cover a wide variety of social differences in access to and use of digital equipment and services, particularly computers, and internet access in terms of both physical connectivity and quality of use.

E-Learning

E-learning or the electronic learning is the application of ICT into the core business of education. It is the delivery of learning and training through digital resources. E-learning is suitable to distance and flexible learning especially this time of pandemic. 

Role of ICT in the Teaching and Learning Process

ICT and e-leaning can enhance the quality of higher education through innovative methods by increasing the students' motivation, interest and engagement, by facilitating the acquisition of skills and by enhancing teacher training which will eventually improve communication and exchange of information.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of E-Learning

Learning in a classroom is more personal and interactive, but there are a lot of benefits to enrolling in an online course, and most of it is in terms of convenience and affordability.

Advanatges of E-learning

1. You are able to link the various resources in several varying formats.
2. It is a very efficient way of delivering courses online.
3. Due to its convenience and flexibility, the resources are available from anywhere and at any time.
4. Everyone, who are part time students or are working full time, can take advantage of web-based learning.
5. Web-based learning promotes active and independent learning.
6. As you have access to the net 24x7, you can train yourself anytime and from anywhere also.
7. It is a very convenient and flexible option; above all, you don't have to depend on anyone for anything.
8. Not only can you train yourself on a day to day basis, but also on weekends or whenever you have the free time to. There is no hard and fast rule.
9. Through discussion boards and chats, you are able to interact with everyone online and also clear your doubts if any.
10. The video instructions that are provided for audio and video learning can be rewound and seen and heard again and again if you do not happen to understand the topic first time around.

Disadvanatges of E-learning

1. Most of the online assessments are limited to questions that are only objective in nature.
2. There is also the problem of the extent of security of online learning programs.
3. The authenticity of a particular student's work is also a problem as online just about anyone can do a project rather than the actual student itself.
4. The assessments that are computer marked generally have a tendency of being only knowledge-based and not necessarily practicality-based.